The Civil War in Britain

ini nihh tugas perdanaku buat paper individu ttg perang sipil di Inggris :)
posting, sekalian jaga jaga klo data di lappy ilang :p


THE CIVIL WAR IN BRITAIN



CREATED BY:
INDAH WULANDARI
C 0311022

ENGLISH DEPARTEMENT
THE FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS
SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY
2011

The Civil War in Britain

The History of The English Civil Wars
 The Bishops’s Wars (1639 and 1640)
The Bishops’s Wars were a fought between The Scots and Britain. It was led by Charles 1.
Charles was attempting to enforce Anglican to The Scottish church, but The Scottish refused it. Charles was furious why The Scottish refused it. He made an English force to be put in Scotland in 1639. He did not have a lot of funds for a military expedition, so that he had to leave Scotland without battle.
The riot continued in Scotland. When Charles found that they had planned with French, he decided to mount a military expedition. He called Parliament to got funds in 1640.
When Parliament created, they wanted to discuss about complaints against the government and military expedition. It made Charles angry. Charles went with his military without any support of Parliament. With this condition The Scots tried to grab Northumberland and Durham.
Charles got himself in a desperate condition and was forced to call Parliament in November 1640. This Parliament was called The Long Parliament.
 The Civil Wars (1642 – 1651)
The tension between Charles and Parliament was still great because there wasn’t any issue had been solved. Charles started to leave London. In August 1642 Charles officially started the war. Robert Devereux was made parliamentary commander.
At this stage of wars, Parliament did not want to kill the king. It was hoped that Charles could be became a more constructive ruler to Parliament.
The first war happened in 1642 to 1646. Charles marched in London and he met Edgehill and a battle was fought. This battle was not convincing, it failed to stop Charles’s advance. He was forced to get away from London.
In 1643 many battles were fought all over the country. The Royalist won at Adwalton Moor and took control of Yorkshire. They also won at Lansdown and Roundway Down, which was allowing Prince Rupert to take Bristol.
The power of Parliament won at Winceby, taking Lincoln, but it had the worst part of military for the year. An unconvincing large battle happened at Newbury.
Parliament arranged Solemn League and Covenant, which promised The Scots religious reforms in return for their help.
The military was more balanced in 1644. Parliament won at Marston Moor, which was allowing them to take York with The Scots’s help. They lost at Lostwithiel and withdrew from Newbury.
In 1645, Fairfax made The New Model Army and it won two important victories at Naseby and at Langport. They could destroy all of Charles’s armies.
In 1646, Charles had little choice to dissolved his remaining armies. Oxford gave up and Charles escaped away to take cover with The Scots, bringing the first war a close.
At that time, Parliament began to dissolve its army. The army was unhappy about the problem of salary arrears, condition of live, and they refused that dissolution. They kidnapped Charles in effort to win a bargaining piece. Charles escaped to The Isle of Wight.
Some royalist rebellions and a Scottish invasion happened in July, 1648. All were defeated by the powerful standing army. This new betrayal by Charles caused Parliament to debate whether he should be returned to power at all. The people who still supported Charles’s place on the throne tried once more to negotiate with him.
The army was angry because The Parliament was still considering Charles as a ruler. This Parliament was ordered to build up a high court of justice because of Charles’s betrayal in the name of the people of England. Charles found guilty as charged in trial king. He was beheaded on January 30th, 1649.
Oliver Cromwell led the army to put down the rebellion in Ireland and Scotland in 1649 – 1650.
Charles II was crowned in Scotland. He claimed that the throne was rightfully his. He went with The Scots on England. Cromwell could beat The Scottish forces at Dunbar in September 3rd, 1650. He could not prevent Charles II marching deep into England. Cromwell finally engaged the new king at Woecester and beat him in September 3rd, 1651. Charles II fled abroad, ending the Civil Wars.

 The Solemn League and Covenant
In 1643, John Pym tried to make an alliance with Scotland to balance Charles I’s powerful forces. The Solemn League and Covenant was signed in Margaret’s Church, Westminer, on September, 25th.
The content of that agreement gave both Parliament and Scotland what they want. Parliament wanted soldiers to support its military. Scotland wanted religious reform that favoured its own church. Parliament had already abolished bishops, but Scotland wanted more than that.
Charles had made a case-fire with The Irish, and it endangered Parliament by letting the troops free for use in England. He also made Scotland angry (since The Irish were not considered religious or God-fearing).
 The Text
The Text of Solemn League and Covenant was consisting of six points. It will be summarised below.
 The first dealt with the reform of the churches and the keeping of the present Scottish church.
“... prevervation of the Reformed Religion in The Church of Scotland... reformation of Religion in the kingdoms of England and Ireland... indeavour to bring the Churches of God in the three kingdoms to the neereft coniunction and Uniformity in Religion.”
 The second specifically stated that the hierarchy of ecclesiastical rule would be abolished.
“... indeavour the extirpation of Popery... Church government by... all other Ecclefiafticall Officers... and whatfoever shall be contrary to found Doctrine.”
 The third is interesting, since it shows the sincerity with which the parliamentarians wished to re-established Charles’s rule, but on their own terms. It states that parliament will be defended, but also that the king and the king’s authority should be defended as well.
“... endeavour... to preferve the Rights and Privilidges of the Parliaments... and to preferve and defend the king’s Majefties person and authority.”
 The fourth point justifies the war by ordering the seeking out of all who oppose thereforms.
“...endeavour the difcovery of all... Incendiaris, Malignants or evil Inftruments...hindering the Reformation of Religion, dividing the king from his people, or one of the kingdoms from another...”
 The fifth point restates that the three kingdoms of England, Ireland, and Scotland remain as a union at peace.
“...indeavour that [the three kingdoms] may remain unioyned in a firm Peace an Union.”
 The sixth, and final, point confirms the alliance by stating that those who sign will assist and defend each other.
“... affift and defend all thofe that enter in to this League and Covenant.”
 The New Model Army
In the end of 1644, Oliver Cromwell realised that the recent parliamentary armies were less than ideal. With his influence in Parliament, he suggested The Self-Denying Ordinance. It stated that any member of The House of Commons or The House of Lord holding a military commission should resign it. It was because they wanted to remove the aristocratic leaders, such as The Earl of Essex and The Earl of Manchester and changed it to the right military leaders.
The armies had to be combined and reorganised into The New Model. The Soldier’s Catechism was created, which laid down rules and regulations, as well as correct drill procedures, in order that the soldiers would know what was expected of them. This army was suggested in February 1645 and began to come into being in April 1645.
 The Army
Sir Thomas Fairfax was a good soldier. He was appointed the new Lord General of the army. He had no political connections, making him ideal for the post.
The army consist of a total of 22,000 men, broken down in the following way:
Type No of Regiments No in Each Regiment
Cavalry
11 600
Infantry
12 1200
Dragoons
1 1000
Artillery
N/K N/K
The Infantry were issued with red uniform to replace their existing regiment’s colour. The Cavalry were issued with light headpieces, armour front and back, and a buff coat of leather.
The Infantry had to pay eight pence a day, and The Cavalry had to pay two shillings a day. Those in the Cavalry had to provide their own horse.
Interestingly, although supposedly unable to hold his military commission, due to the Self-Denying Ordinance, Oliver Cromwell continued to lead Cavalry, and was eventually excepted by Parliament and made General of Hourse in June 1645.
 Holmby House
Holmby House or Holdenby House is a place where Charles I was kept in ‘protective custody’ after being ransomed from The Scots in 1647. Holmby House is near Althrop in Northamptonshire, Charles being escorted there from Nottingham by Sir Thomas Fairfax himself.
Charles stayed at Holmby House until 4 June 1647.
 The Trial of Charles I
The trial was made publicly in order to justify the execution of Charles I in the eyes of the people. Many of them did not want to see the king dead.
Sir Thomas Fairfax also did not want to see Charles dead. He protested that killing Charles would only lead to further problems with his successor, Prince of Wales.
No English laws could be discovered in all history that dealt with the trial of the monarch . The order convening the court was written by a Dutch lawyer, Isaac Dorislaus, and dated back to the Roman era, where the Praetorian Guard (a military body) could legally overthrow a tyrant.
The rump parliament elected a court of commissioners 135 strong on 1 January 1649. Only 68 of these obeyed this summons. None of the existing high court judges agreed to preside over the court. A lawyer called John Bradshaw was elected as a president.
The House of Lords threw this ordinance out the next day. Parliament re-enacted the ordinance on the 4th, although only 46 military police were now in the house, and only 26 of these voted for the ordinance.
Although forced to attend, the king refused to acknowledge the court because it completely illegal. Fairfax refused to attend too and strove save the king from execution, but could not do so without dividing the army against itself, which could have led to further hostilities.
The hall was full of soldiers. Bradshaw himself apparently wore an iron hat, fearing for an attempted murder. Ironically, the public were not allowed into the hall until after charge had been read, and the public so supportive of the king, that it was considered too dangerous.
Charles was found guilty, and stated to be punished to death on 26 January. He was lead from St. James’ Palace to Whitehall to be executed on January 30th. At 1.00 pm he was beheaded in font of crowd. His last words, printed and sold on that very day, were:
“I have delivered my conscience; I pray God you do take those courses that are best for the good of the kingdom and your own salvation.”

English Civil Wars Battles
Here are some battles that took place during The English Civil Wars. It’s listed chronologically.
 Edgehill (October 1642)
Date: 23rd October 1642
Location: Kineton, Warwickshire
Parliamentarian Commander: Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex
Royalist Commander: Charles I, King of England
 Turnham Green (November 1642)
 Adwalton Moor (June 1643)
Date: 30th June 1643
Location: Birkenshaw, Yorkshire
Parliament Commander: Ferdinando Fairfax, 2nd Baron of Cameron
Royalist Commander: William Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle
Victor: Royalist
 Lansdown Hill (July 1643)
Date: 5th July 1643
Location: Bath, Avon
Parliamentarian Commander: Sir William Waller
Royalist Commander: Lord Ralph Hopton, Baron of Stratton
Victor: Royalists
 Roundway Down (July 1643)
Date: 13rd July 1643
Location: Devizes, Wiltshire
Parliamentarian Commander: Sir William Waller
Royalist Commander: Lord Henry Wilmot, Earl of Rochester
Victor: Royalists
 Newburry, 1st Battle (September 1643)
Date: 20th September 1643
Location: Newbury, Berkshire
Parliamentarian Commander: Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex
Royalist Commander: Charles I, King of England
 Winceby (October 1643)
Date: 11st October 1643
Location: Winceby, Lincolnshire
Parliamentarian Commander: Lord Edward Montague, Earl of Manchester
Royalist Commander: Sir John Henderson
Victor: Parliament
 Alton (December 1643)
Date: 12nd December 1643
Location: Alton, Hampshire
Parliamentarian Commander: Sir Willliam Waller
Royalist Commander: Ludovich Lindsay, 16th Earl of Crawford
Victor: Parliamentarians
 Marston Moor (July 1644)
Date: 2nd July 1644
Location: Long Marston, Yorkshire
Parliamentarian Commander: Alexander Leslie, Earl of Leven
Royalist Commander: Prince Rupert
Victor: Parliament
 Lostwithiel (August 1644)
Date: 31st August – 2nd September 1644
Location: Lostwithiel, Cornwall
Parliamentarian Commander: Robert Devereux, 3rd Earl of Essex
Royalist Commander: Charles I, King of England
Victor; Royalist
 Newburry, 2nd Battle (October 1644)
Date: 27th October 1644
Location; Newbury, Berkshire
Parliamentarian Commander: Edward Montague, Earl of Manchester
Royalist Commander: Charles I, King of England
Victor: Inconclusive
 Naseby (June 1645)
Date: 14th June 1645
Location: Naseby, Northamptonshire
Parliamentarian Commander; Sir Thomas Fairfax, Commander-in-Chief
Royalist Commander: Lord George Goring, General of Horse
Victor: Parliament
 Langport (July 1645)
Date: 10th July 1645
Location: Langport, Somerset
Parliamentarian Commander: Sir Thomas Fairfax, Commander-in-Chief
Royalist Commander: Lord George Goring, General of Horse
Victor: Parliament
 Dunbar (September 1650)
Date: 3rd September 1650
Location: Dunbar, East Lothian
Parliamentarian Commander: Oliver Cromwell, General of Horse
Royalist Commander: Sir David Leslie
Victor: Parliament
 Worcester (September 1651)
Date: 3rd September 1651
Location: Worcester, Hereford & Worcester
Parliamentarian Commander: Charles II, King of England (in exile)
Victor: Parliament



English Civil War Personalities
Here are some of the more notable people that were involved with the English Civil Wars:
 Astley, Jacob
 Bradshaw, John
 Byron, John
 Cavendish, William
 Charles I
 Charles II
 Cromwell, Oliver
 Devereux, Robert
 Fairfax, Ferdinando
 Fairfax, Thomas
 Fleetwood, Charles
 Goring, George
 Greenville, Bevil
 Haselrigg, Arthur
 Hopton, Ralph
 Ireton, Henry
 Lambert, John
 Langdale, Marmaduke
 Leslie, Alexander
 Leslie, David
 Lindsay, Ludovich
 Lucas, Charles
 Lunsford, Thomas
 Maurice, Prince
 Montague, Edward
 Rupert, Prince
 Skippon, Phillip
 Stapleton, Phillip
 Waller, William
 Wilmot, Henry
Types of Unit in English Civil Wars
Here are some units that used in English Civil Wars:
 Infantry
Infantry regiments in the English Civil Wars were supposedly 1,200 strong men. It would be divided into companies. There were 10 companies and each companies had 120 men, but each regiment tended to have its own structure.
Each regiments contained musketeers and pikemen. Usually it divided in ratio of 2:1 pike to musket at the start of war, although each regiment was different. At the end of war, the ratio had reversed.
In addition to the main weapons, most men would carry a secondary weapon, such as a sword or axe for close-quarters fighting.
When on the field of battle, the pike would be positioned in the centre, with musketeers on either side. If it was a big battle, three or more regiments would join to make a brigade. The brigade’s pike would be in the middle, and the musketeers would be divided on both sides, companies would be kept together, but the regiment would be split.
Tactics usually involved the musketeers firing a few volleys into the enemy ranks, and then the opposing formations advancing to meet each other at “push of pike”, where each attempted to push the other back physically.
When engaged in “push of pike”, there was no room to make use of weapon, so after the initial contact was made, very few victims occurred. However, if one side turned and ran, or collapsed upon itself, then large victims could result,
“Push of pike” was not always reached. Sometimes the morale of one side would be such that that it would withdraw or rout before contact was made. At other times, both sides might be wary, and stand apart, jabbing with the pikes as best they could.
If attacked by cavalry in the absence of infantry, then the pikemen would shelter the musketeers, forming the equivalent of a square, but more like a blob. The pikes would protrude, keeping the horse away, and musketeers would take opportunities to fire out at any target that presented itself.
 Artillery
Artillery had various sizes, from big size guns to very light cannon that were wheeled around by infantry regiment. They were loaded with charges rammed from the front, making their rate of fire very low. Big guns would fire about ten rounds every hour.
Large guns were usually placed before or at the start of a battle and then would not be moved until it was over. These would be at the back of an army, on ground that gave best opportunity to fire at the enemy’s positions.
These bigger guns tended not to be placed too far above the battle field, since depressing the barrels caused problems. The ball could not roll out, or when fired would not travel as far as expected.
Lighter pieces were positioned between regiments or brigades, and could be loaded with shrapnel. Shrapnel could consist of all kinds of junk metal that could be gathered, and was effective against enemy troops at close range.
 Cavalry
Cavalry consisted of 400 strong men, although there was much variety between regiments. These would have been divided in six troops of 60-70 men each.
Cavalry troopers usually wore armour in the form of back and chest plates, and a pot helmet. Often a buff coat would be worn underneath this, and some kind of thigh protection.
Some regiments wore heavier armour, such as Haselrigg’s Lobsters who wore full plate. This was expensive and hot, so it was limited to a select few.
Cavalry weapons consisted of a couple of pistols and perhaps a carbine, plus a sword or cutlass. The pistols would probably be fired only once in the battle, since they were difficult to reload.
There were two main tactics used by cavalry, The Dutch and The Swedish methods.
 The Dutch
It apparently used by the parliamentarians at the start of the war, was to advance at a trot. The pistols would be fired at the enemy infantry when in range, and then the cavalry would wheel away. Then they would return with drawn swords and initiate a melee.
 The Swedish
It introduced by Prince Rupert, involved charging at the gallop. Pistols would be fired at the last moment before contact was made, and then a melee ensue. This became the preferred tactic for both sides.
During The English Civil Wars, the cavalry tended to fight their own battle. Only when the opposing cavalry had been driven off would the remainder turn and help their infantry. In fact, the royalist was notorious for pursuing a beaten cavalry force for miles, leaving the infantry unprotected on the battle field.
Once the pistols were fired, cavalry were very ineffective against infantry with pike support. Casualties horses were severe, and several troopers got through two or three horses in a single battle.
 Dragoons
Dragoons were essentially a form of mobile infantry. Their mounts were inferior to the cavalry’s horses, and were not suitable for the battle field. Dragoons would ride to the battle and then dismount and fight on foot.
Dragoons were principally deployed on the extreme flank of an army. They would snipe at passing troops using flintlock muskets. Since cavalry was usually deployed on the flank, they would normally fire at the opposing cavalry as it charged past.
Dragoons were not always used in battles, even in major ones, but were incorporated into The New Model Army as a regiment 1,000 strong.

Seventeenth Century Technology
 Armour
Most of soldiers wore armour. It could protect the wearer from some sword thrusts. It consist of a slightly angular round helmet, back and chest protector, thigh covers, and a thick leather boots. This was very expensive and extremely hot in summer, but it could protect the wearer well. Most of the soldiers did not like heavy armour because it was uncomfortable during long marches, or in the summer.
 Muskets
There were two types of musket in use during The Civil Wars. They were matchlock and flintlock.
Both types of weapon were up to 5 ft long and were effective up to 300yds. It would not kill, it would make injuries were fatal eventually. This weapon was effective enough.
The process of using this weapon was very slow. First, powder was dropped down the barrel and tapped down with a scouring stick (wooden rod). Then the lead ball would be dropped down, and wadding of some kind added to hold it in place. This would be rammed down to ensure the best range.
 Matchlock

 Flintlock

 Pikes
The pike was a primitive weapon that consists of wooden shaft and steel shod at the tip. It was sixteen ft long.
Although all pikes should have been sixteen ft in length, industrious soldiers often cut a few feet at the end to make it easier to carry on marches. This was strongly discouraged by officers, since it gave the regiment a disadvantage in combat.
“... few exceed fifteen feet; and if officers be not careful to prevent it, many a base soldier will cut some of the length of that, as I have often seen.”
Sir James Turner




 
Conclusion

English Civil Wars started by the conflict between English forces and Scots. The English forces were led by Charles I. That conflict appeared because Charles I was attempting to enforce Anglican reforms onto The Scottish church, but The Scots were opposed to do this, and even wanted to destroy the control that bishops had over the church. To this end, Charles’s reforms were rejected by The Scottish Assembly. Charles was angry that The Scots had rejected his proposals, and formed an English force to march on Scotlad in 1639.
The tension between Charles and Parliament was still great. Charles officially began the war by raising his standard at Nottingham in August, 1642. Robert Devereux was made parliamentary commander. In 1643, many battles were fought all over the country.
In 1644, military actions were more balanced. In 1645, The New Model Army was formed by Fairfax. Charles took advantage of the shift of emphasis away from him to negotiate a new agreement with The Scots, again promising church reform. This agreement leads to the second war.
The trial of the king found that Charles guilty as charged and he was beheaded on 30th January, 1649. Oliver Cromwell then lead the army in quelling revolts in Ireland and Scotland to finally restore an uneasy peace.
Charles II was then crowned in Scotland, claiming that the throne was rightfully his. He marched with The Scots on England. Cromwell beat The Scottish forces but could not prevent Charles II marching deep into England. Cromwell finally engaged the new king. Charles II fled abroad, ending The Civil Wars.
The Commonwealth was then established, with Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector of England.




References

 http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/~crossby/ECW/
 http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/~crossby/ECW/battles/index.html
 http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/~crossby/ECW/history/index.html
 http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/~crossby/ECW/people/index.html
 http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/~crossby/ECW/tactics/index.html
 http://easyweb.easynet.co.uk/~crossby/ECW/tech/index.html
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War
 http://google.com/
 http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/civil_war_revolution/